Likewise, Rh factors are inherited from parents as antigens or proteins on RBCs. AB blood group contains both A and B antigen on RBC membrane but no antibodies, whereas O blood group contains only A and B antibodies in blood plasma but no antigens. B blood group has B antigens on the RBC membrane and A antibodies in blood plasma. A blood group possesses A-surface antigens on the RBC membrane and B antibodies in blood plasma. The ABO blood group system is divided into four types of blood group, A, B, AB, and O blood type. Hence, the arrangement of alleles received from parents determines the type of glycoprotein or antigens present on the person’s blood cells, therefore their ABO blood type. Each of them is responsible for producing different glycoproteins. A, B, and O are the three different allelic forms of the ABO locus. The gene, ABO glycosyltransferase that determines the human ABO blood group is located on chromosome 9. There are some minor blood grouping systems such as Duffy, KIdd, Xg, Kell, KP, and Lutheran. The modern human blood grouping system consists of mainly two broad classifications that is ABO blood grouping system and Rh blood grouping system. He discovered the ABO blood grouping system by mixing blood cells and serums with each of the staff. In 1990, Karl Landsteiner at the University of Vienna performed some blood transfusion experiments which have mixed results as some succeed and some tend to be dangerous. The scientists thought that fetuses having this blood group will not be able to get delivered and survive. The Rh-null blood was first identified in the year 1961 in an Aboriginal Australian pregnant woman. Till now, it has been identified in less than 50 humans all over the globe. RBC of these people has an unusual shape, poor lifespan, and perforated membranes because of the absence of Rh antigens which is taken into account to allow them a correct structure. The rationale behind being rare is due to the lack of all the Rh (rhesus) antigens (proteins) on the surface of red blood cells (RBC). The rarest form of blood type on Earth is ‘Rh-null blood’, also known as ‘Golden blood’. Priyanka Saha, Amity University Kolkata Introduction:
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